Glossary of Terms: Footnotes

1. Phillip G. Stubblefield, "First and Second Trimester Abortion," in Gynecologic and    Obstetric Surgery, ed. David H. Nichols (Baltimore: Mosby, 1993) p. 1016. Also,    the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), "Abortion Surveillance: Preliminary    Data -- United States, 1991, " Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 43, No.    3, 1994, p. 43, puts the percentage of suction curettage abortions relative to other    techniques at 98%, though the CDC admits that their numbers include a number of    D & E abortions which should be classified otherwise (personal communication with    Lisa Koonin,Division of Reproductive Health, CDC, March 6, 1996).

2. U.S. Senate Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, Human Life Federalism    Amendment, Senate Joint Resolution 3, 98th Congress, 1st Session, legislative    day June 6, 1983, p. 36. (Hereafter referred to as Human Life Federalism    Amendment).

3. A. Jefferson Penfield, M.D., Gynecologic Surgery Under Local Anesthesia,    (Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenburg, 1986), p. 79.

4. Jane E. Hodgson, M.D.,"Abortion by vacuum aspiration," Abortion and Sterilization:    Medical and social aspects, Jane E. Hodgson, ed. (New York: Academic Press,    Grune and Strathon, 1981), pp. 256-258.

5. Jane E. Hodgson, M.D.,"Abortion by vacuum aspiration," Abortion and Sterilization:    Medical and social aspects, Jane E. Hodgson, ed. (New York: Academic Press,    Grune and Strathon, 1981) pp. 256, 260-261.

6. U.S. Senate Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, Human Life Federalism    Amendment, Senate Joint Resolution 3, 98th Congress, 1st Session, legislative    day June 6, 1983, p. 36.

7. F. Gary Cunningham, M.D., et al, Williams Obstetrics, 19th ed. (Norwalk, CT:    Appleton & Lang, 1993), p.683.

8. A. Jefferson Penfield, M.D., Gynecologic Surgery Under Local Anesthesia,    (Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenburg, 1986), pp. 50-51.

9. According to Andrea Sachs, because of these generic names, the RU 486    technique is sometimes referred to as the "M & M " method. "Abortion Pills on    Trial," TIME, December 5, 1994, p. 45.

10. Étienne-Émile Baulieu, M.D., Ph. D., "1993: RU 486 -- A Decade on Today and    Tomorrow," in Clinical Applications of Mifepristone (RU 486) and Other    Antiprogestins, Institute of Medicine, eds. Molla .S. Donaldson et al (Washington,    D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993), p. 92-96. Though Baulieu, creator of the    abortion pill, recommends its use up to nine weeks, American trials have found the    method considerably less effective after the seventh week, according to Carol    Jouzaiis, "Abortion Pill Clinic Tests Drawing to a Close in U.S.," Chicago Tribune,    Wednesday, August 30, 1995, p. 1.

11. The Population Council of New York, Release, October 27, 1994, p. 3. The    Population Council is the entity conducting tests on RU 486 in the United States.    The regimen in France, where the drug was first developed and approved, involves a    total of four visits, adding an additional week for reflection prior to the ingestion of    the pills (Diane Gianelli, "RU 486 effective, not problem-free," American Medical    News, April 12, 1993, p. 25.

12. See Janice G. Raymond, Renate Klein, Lynette J. Dumble, RU 486:    Misconceptions, Myths, and Morals (Cambridge, MA: Institute on Women and    Technology, 1991), pp. 17, 34, 35; and Beatrice Couzinet, M.D., et al, "Termination    of Early Pregnancy by the Progesterone Antagonist RU 486 (Mifepristone)," New    England Journal of Medicine Vol. 315 (December 18, 1986), p. 1565; Louise    Silvestre, M.D., et al, "Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy with Mifepristone (RU    486) and a Prostaglandin Analogue," New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 322    (March 8, 1990), p. 645.

13. Raymond, Klein, and Dumble, Misconceptions, cited in note 20, pp. 57-62.

14. André Ulmann, et al, "Medical Termination of Early Pregnancy With Mifepristone    (RU 486) Followed By A Prostaglandin Analogue," Acta Obst. Gyn. Scand., Vol. 71    (1992), pp. 280-281.

15. Population Council, Release, cited in note 11, p. 3

16. Gianelli, "RU 486 effective..." cited in note 11, p. 25.

17. Élisabeth Aubeny and É.É.Baulieu, "Contragestion with Ru 486 and an orally    active prostaglandin," C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris (III), Vol. 312 (1991), pp. 539-545,    obtained a 95% completion rate with women 49 days amenorrhea or less. Carolyn    McKinley, et al, "The effect of dose of mifepristone and gestation on the efficacy of    medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol," Hum. Reproduc., Vol. 8    (1993), pp. 1502-1503, obtained a completion rate of 89.1% for women 50-63 days    amenorrhea.

18. Mary W. Rodger and David T. Baird, "Blood loss following a prostaglandin    analogue (Gemeprost)" Contraception, Vol. 40 (1989), pp. 439-447.

19. UK Multicentre Trial, "The efficacy and tolerance of mifepristone and prostaglandin    in first trimester termination of pregnancy, B.J. Obst. & Gyn., Vol. 97 (1990), pp.    480-486.

20. Population Council, Release, cited in note 11, p. 3.

21. McKinley, et al, "The effect of dose of mifepristone...," cited in note 17, p. 1504.

22. Alan Riding, "Frenchwoman’s Death is Linked To Abortion Pill and a Hormone,"    New York Times, April 10, 1991, p. A-10

23. Mark Louviere, M.D., "Group lied when it said ‘abortion pill’ test resulted in no    complications,’ Waterloo Courier, September 24, 1995, p. F3. See alsoTom    Carney, "‘Abortion pill’ test goes awry for one patient," Des Moines Register,    September 21, 1995, pp. 1M, 5M.

24. Raymond, Klein, and Dumble, Misconceptions, cited in note 12 , pp. 71-79.

25. Richard U. Hausknecht, M.D., "Methotrexate and Misoprostol to Terminate Early    Pregnancy," New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 33, No. 9 (August 31, 1995),    p.538, and Eric A Schaff, M.D., et al, "Combined Methtrexate and Misoprostol for    Early Induced Abortion," Archives of Family Medicine, Vol. 4. 1995, p. 2.

26. Mitchell D. Creinin, M.D., "Methotrexate for abortion at 42 days gestation,"    Contraception, Vol. 48, No. 6 (December, 1993), p. 519.

27. Daniel R. Mishell, Jr., M.D., and Val Davajan, M.D., Infertility, Contraception, &    Reproductive Endochrinology, 2nd Ed. (Oradell, NJ: Medical Economics Books,    1986), pp. 120.

28. Keith Moore, Ph.D., Essentials of Human Embryology (Philadelphia: B.C. Decker,    Inc., 1988), p. 10.

29. Mishell and Davajan, cited in note 27, p. 120.

30. Schaff, et al, cited in note 25, p. 4. The precise time of abortion is hard to specify;    while Schaff measured decrease in ßhCG levels as an indicator of abortion,    Hausknecht (cited in note 33) looked for the "expulsion of the products of    conception" or the "passage of tissue" (P. 538). Using this criteria, Hausknecht still    apparently had some who took at least 18 days to abort (methotrexate on day 1,    misoprostol day 7, repeat misoprostol, day 14, abortion 4 days later, pp. 538-539).    Those still pregnant at that point underwent a surgical abortion.

31. Mitchell D. Creinin, M.D., and Philip D. Darney, M.D., "Methotrexate and    misoprostol for early abortion," Contraception, Vol. 48 (October, 1993), p. 344.

32. See Schaff, et al, cited in note 25, p. 4., Hausknecht, cited in same note, pp.    538-539.

33. Conversation between Richard U. Hausknecht, M.D., and Phil Donahue, "An    Abortion Pill by Prescription Without Surgery," The Phil Donahue Show, September    26, 1995; Journal Graphics, Transcript #4346, pp. 2-4.

34. Schaff, et al, cited in note 25, p. 2. See also Hausknecht, cited in note 25, p. 538.

35. According to an October 22,1993 article titled "Existing Drugs Induced Abortions    But some warn about toxicity," appearing on p. 7 of Newsday (New York), the    medical director of Planned Parenthood of New York, Dr. Hakim Elahi indicated the    side effects were so unpredictable he would not use it as an abortion drug in any    dose. In a letter to the editors of the New York Times (April 8, 1996, at p. A14),    abortionist Don Sloan warned that methotrexate can produce severe anemias,    ulcers, and bone marrow depressions that can be fatal,even at the doses used for    abortion and said "many of us in the ‘abortion trade,’ as I am, are recoiling at the    stark irresponsibility of those who are parading this medication in such cavalier    fashion."

36. Schaff, et al, cited in note 25, p. 4.

37. Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR), 47th edition (Montvale, NJ: Medical    Economics Data, 1993)., p. 1245.

38. Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR), 47th edition (Montvale, NJ: Medical    Economics Data, 1993)., p. 1245.

39. Richard Hausknecht, interviewed by Charlayne Hunter-Gault, MacNeil-Lehrer    News Hour, PBS, August 30, 1995.

40. See Drs. Hakim Elahi and Don Sloan, cited in note 35.

41. PDR, ctied in note 38, p. 1246.

42. Warren M. Hern, M.D., Abortion Practice (Philadelphia: J.B. Lipincott Company,    1984), pp. 153-154. See also Human Life Federalism Amendment, cited in note 2,    p. 36.

43. Warren M. Hern, M.D., and Billie Corrigan, R.N., "What About Us? Staff    Reactions to the D & E Procedure," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the    Association of Planned Parenthood Physicians, San Diego, California, October 26,    1978.

44. Nelson B. Isada, MD., et al, mention potassium chloride and digoxin in "Fetal    Intracardiac Potassium Chloride Injection to Avoid the Hopeless Resuscitation of an    Abnormal Abortus: I. Clinical Issues," Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 80, No. 2    (August 1992), pp.296, 298, (though they administered this directly into the baby’s    heart, rather than just the surrounding amniotic sac), and Marc A. Bygdeman    mentions, but does not discuss in detail, the use of hypertonic glucose in    "Prostaglandin Procedures," Second Trimester Abortion, ed. Gary S. Berger, et al    (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1981), p. 101. Oxytocin, normally used to    stimulate contractions in full term pregnancies, can apparently also be used as an    abortifacient in mid-trimester pregnancies, if used in high enough doses, according    to Stubblefield, "First and Second Trimester Abortion...,"cited in note 1, p. 1027.

45. Thomas D. Kerenyi, "Hypertonic Saline Instillation," in Second Trimester Abortion,    cited above, p. 81.

46. R.S. Galen, P. Chauhan, H. Wietzner, et al, "Fetal pathology and mechanism of    fetal death in saline-induced abortion: a study of 143 gestations and critical review    of the literature," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 120 (1974),    p.347.

47. Jeff Lyon, ‘Abortion paradox: A live baby," York Daily Record (York,    Pennsylvania), August 21, 1982. See also Congressional Record, March 23, 1983,    H1680.

48. Stephen L. Corson., M.D., et al, Fertility Control (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and    Company, 1985), pp. 82-83.

49. Thomas D. Kerenyi, Abortion and Sterilization, ed. Hodgson, cited in note 4, p.    362.

50. James R. Scott, M.D., et al, Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6th ed.    (Philadephia: J.B. Lippincott, 1990), p. 726.

51. Thomas D. Kerenyi, "Hypertonic Saline Instillation," in Second Trimester Abortion,    cited in note 52, p.83; and R. Bolognese and S. Corson, Interruption of Pregnancy    -- A Total Patient Approach (Baltimore: Wilkins and Wilkins, 1985), p. 136.

52. Marc A. Bygdeman, "Prostaglandin Procedures," in Second Trimester Abortion,    cited in note 46, p. 101.

53. Ronald T. Burkman, Theodore M. King, Milagros F. Atienza, "Hyperosmolar    Urea," in Second Trimester Abortion,cited in note 46, pp. 109-110.

54. Ronald T. Burkman, Theodore M. King, Milagros F. Atienza, "Hyperosmolar    Urea," in Second Trimester Abortion,cited in note 46, pp. 115-116.

55. Nancy K. Rhoden, "The New Neonatal Dilemma: Live Births from Late Abortions,"    The Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 72 (1984), p. 1458.

56. Liz Jeffries and Rick Edmonds, "Abortion, The Dreaded Complication," The    Philadelphia Inquirer, August 2, 1981, 4-page insert.

57. Warren M. Hern, M.D., Abortion Practice, cited in note 42, pp. 123, 125. 66. Ibid.,    p. 125.

58. Warren M. Hern, M.D., Abortion Practice, cited in note 42, pp. 123, 125. 66. Ibid.,    p. 125.

59. James R. Scott, Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology, cited in note 50, p. 726.

60. Willard Cates, M.D. and H.V.F. Jordaan, "Sudden Collapse and Death of Women    Obtaining Abortion Induced by Prostaglandin F2 Alpha," American Journal of    Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 133 (February 15, 1979), pp. 398-400. See also    David Grimes, M.D., et al, "Midtrimester abortion by intra-amniotic prostaglandin    F2a: Safer than saline?" Obstet Gynecol, Vol. 49 (1977), p. 612 and A.C. Wentz, et    al, "Posterior cervical rupture following prostaglandin-induced midtrimester    abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 115 (1973), p.    1107.

61. Some have also used the highly descriptive term "brain suction abortion" to refer    to the procedure.

62. See Maureen Hack, et.al, "Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes of the National    Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Network," Pediatrics,    Vol. 87, No. 5 (May 1991), p58.

63. Dr. Martin Haskell described the partial-birth abortion procedure, which he called    "dilation and extraction,"at a Sept. 1992 meeting of the National Abortion    Federation, a trade association of abortion providers. He said he had done 700 of    these "procedures." See Martin Haskell, M.D., "Dilation and Extraction for Late    Second Trimester Abortion," in "Second Trimester Abortion: From Every Angle,"    Fall Risk Management Seminar, September 13-14, 1992, Dallas, Texas, National    Abortion Federation. See also Diane Gianelli, "Shock-tactic ads target late-term    abortion procedure," American Medical News (July 5, 1993), pp. 3, 15-16.

64. Human Life Federalism Amendment, cited in note 2, p. 37.

65. Cunningham, et al, cited in note 7, p. 683.

66. P. Diggory, "Hysterotomy and hysterectomy as abortion techniques," in Abortion    and Sterilization, ed. Hodgson, cited in note 4, p. 326.